What Are Shipboard Pyrotechnic Devices?
Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of undergoing self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions to generate heat, light, gas, smoke, and/or sound.
These devices are used in extreme emergencies (such as dangerous situations) and are installed on ships to attract attention and alert other nearby vessels, enabling them to request and receive assistance. Essentially, they are a visual method of issuing distress signals. These devices are used in dangerous situations outlined in Annex 4 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs).
If salvage is not possible (e.g., the ship is abandoned), pyrotechnic devices are a last resort for maritime rescue crews. The casings of each device listed below are graphically illustrated with their usage at sea.
Location of Fireworks Equipment (Minimum transport requirements stipulated in the SOLAS Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea are in parentheses)
- Horse beams
- Handheld flares (6)
- Rocket-propelled parachute flares (12)
- Floating smoke flares (2; 1 on each side)
- Rope launcher (at least 1)
- Lifeboat (each)
- Handheld flares (6)
- Rocket-propelled parachute flares (4)
- Floating smoke flares (2)
- Fireworks Equipment
Types of Pyrotechnic Available on Board
Handheld Flares
A handheld flare is a small, cylindrical rod that emits a bright light or red smoke when ignited, but does not explode. It must be placed downwind when lit. It can be used day and night.
This portable emergency signaling device has a short range and burns for one to two minutes. It is visible from five to ten miles away.
Rocket-propelled parachute flares
This long-range distress flare is designed to launch a red star-shaped flare to an altitude of approximately 300 meters. Launched from a height of at least 300 meters, the flare automatically ignites, producing a dense red smoke. A parachute deploys, slowing the flare’s descent and allowing it to remain airborne longer for visibility by nearby vessels.
The flare emits a bright red light for 30 to 40 seconds, visible within a range of 10 to 40 miles (approximately 16 to 64 kilometers). High-quality flares can even remain underwater for extended periods.
Floating Smoke Flares
This pyrotechnic device is housed in a small floating container, allowing it to float on the water’s surface to signal distress. Primarily used during the day, it indicates the location of an emergency by emitting a bright orange smoke trail for 3 minutes, visible within a range of 2 to 5 miles (approximately 3 to 8 kilometers).
Rope Launchers
Rope launchers are not distress signaling devices but rather emergency response devices. They are used to establish a secure connection (forming a bridge) between a distressed vessel and a safe vessel to deliver towlines or other aid supplies.
How do Pyrotechnic Work?
Fireworks work on a similar principle to the fireworks we set off at parties. An ignition source triggers a chemical reaction that produces energy such as heat, light, and sound.
Fireworks typically consist of an oxidizer, colorant, fuel, and materials such as potassium nitrate, sulfur, and other metals.
When the electric igniter is switched on, a self-sustaining chemical reaction occurs.
The signaling device is designed to allow the chemical reaction to continue, producing the desired effect, such as smoke.
Maintenance and Disposal
All fireworks materials must be stored safely in sealed containers. This is especially important after a safety briefing for the crew on the use of fireworks.
Keep signal flares away from fuel and other flammable materials and store them in a dry, easily accessible location.
Perform weekly and monthly maintenance (cleaning, checking expiration dates, etc.) in accordance with the ship’s LSA maintenance plan and the company’s ISM regulations.
If Pyrotechnic materials expire at sea, retain them for disposal by an authorized party upon arrival at port. Never discard them at sea or use them after they have expired. Because these products are exothermic, using them after their expiration date could be dangerous.
