Cybersecurity for Shipboard Integrated Control Systems

In 2020, the IMO reported a 400% increase in cyberattacks on the maritime industry, with 46% of these incidents targeting shipboard systems, including integrated control systems. The vulnerability of these systems is exacerbated by the growing use of operational technology (OT) in bridge and engine room operations, with 71% of ships now using some form of integrated control system, according to a survey by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). The consequences of a successful cyberattack on these systems can be severe, as demonstrated by the 2017 NotPetya malware attack on Maersk, which resulted in a $300 million loss and highlighted the need for effective cybersecurity measures to protect shipboard systems.

The IMO's Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management (MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3) emphasize the importance of identifying and mitigating cyber risks to shipboard systems, including integrated control systems. However, implementing these guidelines can be challenging, particularly for smaller shipowners and operators who may not have the resources or expertise to dedicate to cybersecurity. The ISM Code (International Safety Management Code) also requires shipowners and operators to implement measures to prevent cyberattacks, but the code does not provide specific guidance on how to protect integrated control systems. As a result, shipowners and operators must look to other sources, such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and the BIMCO Cyber Security Guidelines, for guidance on how to protect their shipboard systems.

The use of integrated control systems on ships has increased significantly in recent years, with systems such as the Wärtsilä Integrated Control System and the Rolls-Royce Integrated Control System becoming commonplace. These systems provide a range of benefits, including improved efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and enhanced safety. However, they also introduce new cyber risks, as they often rely on complex networks and software that can be vulnerable to attack. The Paris MOU has identified cyber risk as a key area of concern, and has begun to include cybersecurity in its port state control inspections. Shipowners and operators must therefore ensure that their integrated control systems are properly secured, or risk facing detention or other enforcement action.

Cybersecurity Threats to Shipboard Systems

The cybersecurity threats to shipboard integrated control systems are numerous and varied, ranging from malware and phishing attacks to unauthorized access and data breaches. According to a report by the US Coast Guard, the most common types of cyberattacks on maritime systems are phishing attacks (23%), malware attacks (20%), and unauthorized access attempts (17%). These attacks can have serious consequences, including disruption to ship operations, damage to equipment, and even loss of life. The IMO's Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) has therefore emphasized the need for shipowners and operators to implement effective cybersecurity measures to protect their shipboard systems.

The BIMCO Cyber Security Guidelines provide a range of recommendations for protecting shipboard systems, including the use of firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of implementing a cybersecurity policy, conducting regular risk assessments, and providing training to crew members on cybersecurity awareness. The IACS has also developed a range of recommendations for the cybersecurity of shipboard systems, including the use of secure communication protocols and the implementation of access controls. Shipowners and operators must therefore ensure that their shipboard systems are properly secured, using a combination of technical, administrative, and operational measures.

The use of cybersecurity standards and frameworks can also help to protect shipboard integrated control systems. The IEC 62443 standard, for example, provides a range of requirements for the cybersecurity of industrial control systems, including those used on ships. The standard emphasizes the importance of implementing a defense-in-depth approach, using multiple layers of security to protect against cyber threats. The NIST Cybersecurity Framework also provides a range of guidelines and best practices for protecting shipboard systems, including the use of continuous monitoring and incident response planning.

Implementing Cybersecurity Measures

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures for shipboard integrated control systems requires a range of technical, administrative, and operational actions. The first step is to conduct a thorough risk assessment, identifying potential vulnerabilities and threats to the system. This can be done using a range of tools and techniques, including penetration testing and vulnerability scanning. The results of the risk assessment can then be used to develop a cybersecurity plan, outlining the measures that will be taken to protect the system.

The cybersecurity plan should include a range of technical measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption. It should also include administrative measures, such as access controls and password policies, as well as operational measures, such as training and awareness programs. The plan should be regularly reviewed and updated, to ensure that it remains effective and relevant. The IMO's Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management provide a range of recommendations for developing and implementing a cybersecurity plan, including the use of a risk-based approach and the establishment of clear roles and responsibilities.

The use of classification society rules and guidelines can also help to ensure that shipboard integrated control systems are properly secured. The DNV GL rules for cybersecurity, for example, provide a range of requirements for the cybersecurity of shipboard systems, including the use of secure communication protocols and the implementation of access controls. The ABS Cybersecurity Guidance provides similar recommendations, emphasizing the importance of implementing a defense-in-depth approach and using continuous monitoring to detect and respond to cyber threats.

Best Practices for Cybersecurity

Best practices for cybersecurity on shipboard integrated control systems include the use of secure communication protocols, such as SSL/TLS, and the implementation of access controls, such as role-based access control. The use of continuous monitoring and incident response planning is also essential, allowing shipowners and operators to quickly detect and respond to cyber threats. The IMO's Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) has emphasized the importance of implementing these best practices, and has encouraged shipowners and operators to share information and coordinate efforts to protect against cyber threats.

The use of cybersecurity standards and frameworks can also help to ensure that shipboard integrated control systems are properly secured. The IEC 62443 standard, for example, provides a range of requirements for the cybersecurity of industrial control systems, including those used on ships. The NIST Cybersecurity Framework also provides a range of guidelines and best practices for protecting shipboard systems, including the use of continuous monitoring and incident response planning. By following these best practices and using a range of technical, administrative, and operational measures, shipowners and operators can help to protect their shipboard integrated control systems from cyber threats.

Shipowners and operators must also ensure that their crew members are properly trained and aware of cybersecurity risks and best practices. The IMO's Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management emphasize the importance of providing training and awareness programs, to ensure that crew members understand the risks and consequences of cyberattacks. The BIMCO Cyber Security Guidelines also provide a range of recommendations for cybersecurity awareness and training, including the use of regular drills and exercises to test cybersecurity procedures. By providing proper training and awareness, shipowners and operators can help to prevent cyberattacks and protect their shipboard systems.